End effectors, also known as end-of-arm tools or manipulator tools, are attachments at the terminal end of manipulators that interact directly with objects during manipulation tasks. These tools are designed to perform specific functions such as gripping, cutting, welding, or sensing, depending on the application requirements.

The selection of end effectors depends on factors such as the type of objects being manipulated, the task complexity, and the desired level of automation. Common types of end effectors include grippers, suction cups, welding torches, and specialized tools for handling fragile or irregularly shaped objects.

Grippers are one of the most versatile types of end effectors, capable of securely grasping objects of various shapes and sizes. They can be pneumatic, electric, or hydraulic, offering different levels of gripping force and control to suit different applications.

Suction cups are ideal for handling smooth, non-porous objects such as glass or metal sheets. They create a vacuum seal between the object and the cup, allowing the manipulator to lift and move the object with minimal contact force.

Welding torches are used in robotic welding applications to precisely position and control the welding arc for accurate joint formation. These end effectors are equipped with sensors and actuators to maintain consistent weld quality and penetration.

Specialized end effectors may incorporate sensors, cameras, or other sensing devices to provide feedback about the object's position, orientation, or condition during manipulation. This information enables adaptive control strategies to optimize performance and ensure reliable operation.

In conclusion, end effectors are essential components of manipulators that enable precise and efficient interaction with objects across various industrial and robotic applications. Their design and functionality play a crucial role in enhancing automation, productivity, and safety in manufacturing, assembly, and material handling processes.